Power Quality

INTROUCTION

The aim of the power system has always been to supply electrical energy to customers. Earlier the consumers of electrical energy were mere acceptors. Interruptions and other voltage disturbances were part of the deal. But today electric power is viewed as a product with certain characteristics which can be measured, predicted, guaranteed, improved etc. Moreover it has become an integral part of our life. The term 'power quality' emerged as a result of this new emphasis placed on the customer utility relationship.

The fact that power quality has become an issue recently does not mean that it was not important in the past. Utilities all over the world have for decades worked on the improvement of what is now known as power quality. In the recent years, users of electric power have detected an increasing number of drawbacks caused by electric power quality variations. These variations already existed on the electrical system but only recently they are causing serious problems. This is because of the fact that end use equipments have become more sensitive to disturbances that arise both on the supplier as well as the utility side. End use equipments are more interconnected in networks and industrial processes, that the impact of a problem with any piece of equipment is much more severe. To improve power quality with adequate solutions, it is necessary to know what kinds of disturbances occurred. A power quality monitoring system that is able to automatically detect, characterize and classify disturbances on electrical lines is therefore required.

INCREASED INTEREST IN POWER QUALITY

Power quality is an increasingly important issue for all business. A recent study by IBM showed that power quality problems cost US business more than $15 billion a year. The increased interest in power quality has resulted in significant advances in monitoring equipments that can be used to characterize disturbances and power quality variations. The recent increased interest in power quality can be explained in a number of ways.
¢ Equipments have become more sensitive to voltage disturbances
The electronic and power electronic equipments have especially become much more sensitive to voltage disturbances than their counterparts 10 or 20years ago.
¢ Equipments cause voltage disturbances
Modern electronic and power electronic equipments are not only sensitive to voltage disturbances but also cause disturbances for other customers. E.g. Non-sinusoidal current drawn by rectifiers and inverters.
¢ Technical challenge taken up by utilities
Designing a system with a high reliability of supply at a limited cost is a technical challenge which appealed to many in the power industry and hopefully still does in the future.
¢ Power quality can be measured.
The availability of electronic equipments to measure and show wave forms has certainly contributed to the interest in power quality.

Black-Box

Abstract::

As the technology progressing, the speed of traveling is also increased. The source to destination became so closer to each others. The main advancement in the field of the air traveling system with the help of airplane. This is the major discovery of technology. But as the speed increases , the horror of air crash also introduced. Because at a height of 2000m and above if a plane crashes ,it will be a terror for any body. So to take the feed back of the various activities happens in the plane and record them engineers need a mechanism to record such activities .
With any airplane crash, there are many unanswered questions as to what brought the plane down. Investigators turn to the airplane's flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR), also known as "black boxes," for answers. In Flight 261, the FDR contained 48 parameters of flight data, and the CVR recorded a little more than 30 minutes of conversation and other audible cockpit noises.

Instrumentation & Control Engineering Seminar Report

Instrumentation & Control Engineering Seminar Report

1. Radar Technology & Its applications
2. Navigation
3. LASER induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.
4. Radio Frequency Identification
5. Medical Endoscope.
6. OPC server.
7. Un-manned aerial vehicle.
8. Global Positioning System (GPS).
9. Gyroscope.
10. Wireless Bio Telemetry.

Wireless LAN Security

Wireless LAN Security

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) based on the Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) standards are one of today's fastest growing technologies in businesses, schools, and homes, for good reasons. They provide mobile access to the Internet and to enterprise networks so users can remain connected away from their desks. These networks can be up and running quickly when there is no available wired Ethernet infrastructure. They can be made to work with a minimum of effort without relying on specialized corporate installers. 

Some of the business advantages of WLANs include: 

" Mobile workers can be continuously connected to their crucial applications and data;
" New applications based on continuous mobile connectivity can be deployed;
" Intermittently mobile workers can be more productive if they have continuous access to email, instant messaging, and other applications;
" Impromptu interconnections among arbitrary numbers of participants become possible.
" But having provided these attractive benefits, most existing WLANs have not effectively addressed security-related issues.

THREATS TO WLAN ENVIRONMENTS

All wireless computer systems face security threats that can compromise its systems and services. Unlike the wired network, the intruder does not need physical access in order to pose the following security threats:

Eavesdropping

This involves attacks against the confidentiality of the data that is being transmitted across the network. In the wireless network, eavesdropping is the most significant threat because the attacker can intercept the transmission over the air from a distance away from the premise of the company.

Tampering

The attacker can modify the content of the intercepted packets from the wireless network and this results in a loss of data integrity.

Unauthorized access and spoofing

The attacker could gain access to privileged data and resources in the network by assuming the identity of a valid user. This kind of attack is known as spoofing. To overcome this attack, proper authentication and access control mechanisms need to be put up in the wireless network.

Mix Topic

Atmospheric reentry issues
Avionics
Kessler Syndrome
Relativistic rocket
Nose cone design
Redshift rocket
Big dumb booster
Ablative laser propulsion
Beam-powered propulsion
Orbiter Boom Sensor System
European Space Agency
Space activity suit
Monobloc pressure jet burner
Ram accelerator
Miniature solenoid valve designed for aerospace applications
Reaction control system
Aileron
Electric propulsion
Ion propulsion
Spacecraft design & propulsion
Solar thermal rocket
Remote Manipulator System
Trans Lunar Injection
Hybrid rocket

Environmental Engineering Seminar Topics

Environmental Engineering Seminar Topics

Environmental Engineering is the integration of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to re-mediate pollution sites.

Environmental Engineering Seminar Topics

1.Wastewater Treatment for Constructed Wetlands
2. Principles of Structural Steel Design
3. Biological Wastewater Treatment
4. Advanced Wastewater Treatment
5. Storm Water Management; Control & Regulation
6. Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design
7. Earthquake Resistant Structural Design
8. Fluid Dynamics for Piping Design
9. Reinforced Concrete
10. An Earthquake Induced Ground Failure: Liquefaction
11. Fundamentals of Ground Modification Techniques for Earthworks
12. Environmental Site Assessment
13. Design of Light Weight Fills Using EPS Geofoams
14. Soil Mechanics
15. Failure Analysis of Water Main Breaks


16. Failure Analysis of Bronze Valves and Shaft Caps
17. Failure Analysis of Materials & Structures
18. Failure Analysis of Materials & Structures
19. Civil/Environmental Engineering Projects Using GPS Information
20. Design of Shallow Foundations
21. Design of Deep Foundations

Aeronautical Engineering Seminar Topic Lists

Aeronautical Engineering Seminar Topic Lists

Aerospace engineering is the primary branch of engineering concerned with the research, design, development, construction, testing, science and technology of aircraft and spacecraft.

Aeronautical Engineering Seminar Topic Lists

1. Aeronautical satellite communications,
2. Max launch abort systems,
3. Improvement and Implementation of Aerospace testing technology,
4. Gas-generator cycle (rocket)
5. Re-Entry Of Space Vehicle
6. Ramjet, Scramjet Engines
7. Aircraft navigation Systems
8. Space Shuttles And Its Advancements
9. Advances in Rocket Propulsion
10. Quasi Turbine Engines
11. Low Cost Spacecraft Simulator
12. Clearance of Space Debris

Electrical Engineering Seminar Topic Lists

Electrical Engineering Seminar Topic Lists.

1. Energy Conservation by Soft Start
2. Power System Contingencies
3. Direct torque control of AC drives
4. Servomotor Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI
5. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle
6. Non conventional source (biomass
7. Geothermal Energy
8. Reactive Power Consumption in Transmission Line
9. Pace maker
10. Computer Clothing
11. Robotics and its application
12. Synchronous voltage source
13. Space Solar Power
14. Laser and its application
15. Surge Arrestor
16. Liquid Electricity
17. Field oriented control drives without shaft sensors
18. Hydrogen Fuel cell
19. Fast Breeder Reactor
20. Stepper Motor

Class-D Amplifiers

Class-D Amplifiers

Class D amplifiers present us with a revolutionary solution, which would help us eliminate loss and distortions caused due to conversion of digital signals to analog while amplifying signals before transmitting it to speakers. This inchoate piece of knowledge could prove to detrimental in improving and redefining essence of sound and take it to a different realm.
This type of amplifiers do not require the use of D-A conversion and hence reduce the costs incurred for developing state of art output technology. The digital output from sources such as CD's, DVD's and computers now can directly be sent for amplification without the need for any conversion.
Another important feature of these unique and novel kind of amplifiers are that they give us a typical efficiency of 90% compared to that of the normal ones which give us a efficiency of 65-70%. This obviously means less amount of dissipation that indirectly means lower rated heat sinks and low waste of energy. This makes the use of D type amplifiers in miniature and portable devices all the more apt.
All these years D type amplifiers have been used for purposes where efficiency was the key whereas now developments in this technology have made its entry possible into other domain that are less hi-fi. Thus showing up in MP3 players, portable CD players, laptop computers, cell phones, even personal digital assistants.

Mobile Train Radio Communication

Definition Of Mobile Train Radio Communication

Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site. The cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one channel per mobile. Channels use a pair of frequencies for communication. One for transmitting from the cell site, the forward link , and one frequency for the cell site to receive calls from the users, the reverse link.
Communication between mobile units can be either half-duplex or full-duplex. In case of half-duplex , transmit and receive communications between the mobile units are not at the same time, i.e. talking and listening can not be done at the same time. In case of full-duplex communication, transmit and receive communication is at the same time, i.e. one can talk and listen at the same time.
When communications between mobile units are within a cell , and if the same is half-duplex , then it shall require only one pair of frequency. If the same is full-duplex , then requirement of frequency pair shall be two.
When a mobile unit is communicating with a mobile unit outside the cell, then the requirement of frequency pair shall be one per cell for both half-duplex and full-duplex communication. Hence the system resources are utilized more if the mobile units communicate with each other in full-duplex mode.

Green concrete

Green Concrete Civil Engineer Seminar Topic

Green concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry. This was first invented in Denmark in the year 1998. Green concrete has nothing to do with colour. It is a concept of thinking environment into concrete considering every aspect from raw materials manufacture over mixture design to structural design, construction, and service life. Green concrete is very often also cheap to produce, because, for example, waste products are used as a partial substitute for cement, charges for the disposal of waste are avoided, energy consumption in production is lower, and durability is greater. Green concrete is a type of concrete which resembles the conventional concrete but the production or usage of such concrete requires minimum amount of energy and causes least harm to the environment. The CO2 emission related to concrete production, inclusive of cement production, is between 0.1 and 0.2 t per tonne of produced concrete.

However, since the total amount of concrete produced is so vast the absolute figures for the environmental impact are quite significant, due to the large amounts of cement and concrete produced. Since concrete is the second most consumed entity after water it accounts for around 5% of the world‘s total CO2 emission (Ernst Worrell, 2001). The solution to this environmental problem is not to substitute concrete for other materials but to reduce the environmental impact of concrete and cement. Pravin Kumar et al, 2003, used quarry rock dust along with fly ash and micro silica and reported satisfactory properties.

Robotic Car

Robotic Car Abstract:

We're pretty familiar with autonomous cars around here, and we've even been treated to a ride in one of Stanford's robots at their automotive innovation lab, which they launched in partnership with Volkswagen. You might also remember Shelley, their autonomous Audi TTS, which autonomously raced to the top of Pikes Peak last year. Volkswagen's thinking behind all of this high performance autonomous car stuff is that at some point, they'll be able to program your car to be a far, far better driver than you could ever be, and it'll have the ability to pull some crazy maneuvers to save you from potential accidents.

Google, who's just down the road from Stanford, seems to understand this, and they've turned their autonomous cars up to "aggressive" in this driving demo that they gave to some lucky sods in a parking lot at the TED conference in Long Beach. It's pretty impressive: This might seem dangerous, but arguably, this demo is likely safer than a human driving around the parking area at normal speeds, if we assume that the car's sensors are all switched on and it's not just playing back a preset path. The fact is that a car equipped with radar and LIDAR and such can take in much more information, process it much more quickly and reliably, make a correct decision about a complex situation, and then implement that decision far better than a human can.

This is especially true if we consider the type of research that is being done with Shelley to teach cars how to make extreme maneuvers, safely. So why aren't we all driving autonomous cars already? It's not a technical ; there are several cars on the road right now with lane sensing, blind spot detection and adaptive cruise control, which could be combined to allow for autonomous highway driving. Largely, the reasons seem to be legal: there's no real framework or precedent for yielding control of a vehicle to an autonomous system, and nobody knows exactly who to blame or sue if something goes wrong.

And furthermore, the first time something does go wrong, it's going to be like a baseball bat to the face of the entire robotics industry. Anyway, enough of the depressing stuff, here's an outside view of Google's robot car squealing around that parking lot: For what it's worth, "aggressive" is apparently one of four different driving personalities that you have the option of choosing from every time to start up one of their robot cars.

Automatic Air Suspension

Automatic Air Suspension

Air ride suspension carries the load on each axle with a pressurized air bag much like a high pressure balloon. Air ride suspension systems have been in common use for over forty years and have proven to provide the smoothest and most shock-free ride of any known vehicle suspension system. Modern air bags are constructed using the same methods as a tire by using high strength cords which are then encapsulated in rubber. These units are very durable in service and have a proven life of many years.

In addition to providing extremely smooth ride quality, air ride suspension also provides other important features. First, the system automatically adjusts air pressure in the air bag so that the trailer always rides at the same height, whether lightly loaded or heavily loaded. This allows the suspension system to always provide the maximum usable wheel travel independent of trailer load. In addition, the higher air bag pressure associated with higher trailer loads, automatically provides a stiffer suspension which is exactly what is required for a smooth ride. The lower air bag pressure for lightly loaded conditions, automatically provides for a softer suspension, thus providing the same ride quality for all trailer loading conditions. Since each axle is independently supported by its own air bag, the air ride suspension is a truly, fully independent suspension system.

The automatic control of the air bag pressure is accomplished by a solid state electronic control system specifically designed and packaged for vehicle use. This system continuously monitors the "ride height" of the trailer suspension and increases air pressure if the ride height is too low, by turning on an on-board air compressor. The air compressor stops automatically when the proper ride height is reached. If the ride height is too high, an automatic vent valve vents excess air pressure and stops venting when the proper ride height is reached. All required electrical power is provided by a 12 volt battery contained in the trailer equipment compartment